LatestCoverageAll 50 states, D.C. and five territories now on the ledger|NewPuerto Rico's 78 municipios ledgered, municipio by municipio|FeatureAssessment appeal workspace — build a filing package from your own evidence|FeatureLiving reports — versioned, re-runnable, exportable|DevelopersMetered REST gateway · issued keys · signed webhooks|Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlbuquerque · NMMedian List$360K+2.5%|Austin · TXMedian List$290K-3.5%|Baltimore · MDMedian List$265K+1.1%|Bernalillo County · NMMedian List$364K+2.7%|Bexar County · TXMedian List$303K+3.7%|Boston · MAMedian List$859K+3.4%|Charlotte · NCMedian List$402K+1.2%|Chicago · ILMedian List$426K+9.3%|Clark County · NVMedian List$447K+0.1%|Columbus · OHMedian List$300K+0.7%|Cook County · ILMedian List$348K+5.1%|Dallas · TXMedian List$449K-0.1%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$465K-1.1%|Denver · COMedian List$618K+5.0%|Detroit · MIMedian List$321K-2.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$297K-2.3%|El Paso · TXMedian List$260K+3.7%|Fort Worth · TXMedian List$330K-1.5%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$320K+3.2%|Fresno · CAMedian List$375K+2.1%|Harris County · TXMedian List$327K+0.6%|Houston · TXMedian List$340K+0.6%|Indianapolis · INMedian List$250K+2.7%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|Jacksonville · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|Jefferson County · KYMedian List$248K-4.3%|Kansas City · MOMedian List$310K+3.1%|King County · WAMedian List$850K-4.0%|Las Vegas · NVMedian List$440K-1.1%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$950K-0.5%|Louisville · KYMedian List$280K+1.8%|Maricopa County · AZMedian List$458K-0.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+3.7%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$407K-5.3%|Memphis · TNMedian List$209K+4.7%|Mesa · AZMedian List$490K-0.9%|Milwaukee · WIMedian List$243K+5.7%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|Nashville · TNMedian List$480K+1.0%|New York · NYMedian List$899K+0.5%|Oklahoma City · OKMedian List$275K-0.4%|Oklahoma County · OKMedian List$259K-0.7%|Philadelphia · PAMedian List$249K+0.3%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$480K0.0%|Pima County · AZMedian List$373K+0.9%|Portland · ORMedian List$640K-6.0%|Sacramento · CAMedian List$510K+4.0%|San Antonio · TXMedian List$236K-1.2%|San Diego · CAMedian List$994K+4.2%|San Francisco · CAMedian List$1.6M+14.9%|San Jose · CAMedian List$1.3M-11.9%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.3M+0.1%|Seattle · WAMedian List$874K-2.8%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$259K-2.4%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$857K+7.3%|Tarrant County · TXMedian List$385K-1.2%|Travis County · TXMedian List$497K-5.3%|Tucson · AZMedian List$324K-0.9%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$160K0.0%|LatestCoverageAll 50 states, D.C. and five territories now on the ledger|NewPuerto Rico's 78 municipios ledgered, municipio by municipio|FeatureAssessment appeal workspace — build a filing package from your own evidence|FeatureLiving reports — versioned, re-runnable, exportable|DevelopersMetered REST gateway · issued keys · signed webhooks|Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlbuquerque · NMMedian List$360K+2.5%|Austin · TXMedian List$290K-3.5%|Baltimore · MDMedian List$265K+1.1%|Bernalillo County · NMMedian List$364K+2.7%|Bexar County · TXMedian List$303K+3.7%|Boston · MAMedian List$859K+3.4%|Charlotte · NCMedian List$402K+1.2%|Chicago · ILMedian List$426K+9.3%|Clark County · NVMedian List$447K+0.1%|Columbus · OHMedian List$300K+0.7%|Cook County · ILMedian List$348K+5.1%|Dallas · TXMedian List$449K-0.1%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$465K-1.1%|Denver · COMedian List$618K+5.0%|Detroit · MIMedian List$321K-2.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$297K-2.3%|El Paso · TXMedian List$260K+3.7%|Fort Worth · TXMedian List$330K-1.5%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$320K+3.2%|Fresno · CAMedian List$375K+2.1%|Harris County · TXMedian List$327K+0.6%|Houston · TXMedian List$340K+0.6%|Indianapolis · INMedian List$250K+2.7%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|Jacksonville · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|Jefferson County · KYMedian List$248K-4.3%|Kansas City · MOMedian List$310K+3.1%|King County · WAMedian List$850K-4.0%|Las Vegas · NVMedian List$440K-1.1%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$950K-0.5%|Louisville · KYMedian List$280K+1.8%|Maricopa County · AZMedian List$458K-0.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+3.7%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$407K-5.3%|Memphis · TNMedian List$209K+4.7%|Mesa · AZMedian List$490K-0.9%|Milwaukee · WIMedian List$243K+5.7%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|Nashville · TNMedian List$480K+1.0%|New York · NYMedian List$899K+0.5%|Oklahoma City · OKMedian List$275K-0.4%|Oklahoma County · OKMedian List$259K-0.7%|Philadelphia · PAMedian List$249K+0.3%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$480K0.0%|Pima County · AZMedian List$373K+0.9%|Portland · ORMedian List$640K-6.0%|Sacramento · CAMedian List$510K+4.0%|San Antonio · TXMedian List$236K-1.2%|San Diego · CAMedian List$994K+4.2%|San Francisco · CAMedian List$1.6M+14.9%|San Jose · CAMedian List$1.3M-11.9%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.3M+0.1%|Seattle · WAMedian List$874K-2.8%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$259K-2.4%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$857K+7.3%|Tarrant County · TXMedian List$385K-1.2%|Travis County · TXMedian List$497K-5.3%|Tucson · AZMedian List$324K-0.9%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$160K0.0%|
Property-class scope

The story of this market

The typical home in Doña Ana County, New Mexico sells for about $311,358, or $185 per square foot.

Prices are up +6.85% from a year ago, so sellers still have some momentum. Homes take about 87 days to sell, which is slow. HUD's fair market rent for a two-bedroom is $1,750 a month.

Monthly price momentum

Home values since 2015

+3.3%

NM · past 12 months

NM 201.3USA 208.1
20152017201920212023202595125155213.5

Freddie Mac House Price Index, single-family homes, monthly through 2026-08. Each line starts at 100 in January 2015, so a reading of 180 means prices are up 80% since then.

County intel report · monthly refresh cycle
Track this county

Doña Ana County, New Mexico

Las Cruces market · minorrefreshed Sep 13, 2026, 5:54 PMnext refresh due Nov 12, 2026
Market sentiment: cautiously optimistic

Doña Ana County's housing market demonstrates sustained modest appreciation with median prices hovering just above $311,000. Inventory levels have normalized toward four months of supply, extending days on market to 87 days as buyer affordability limits broader price spikes. Steady employment from defense, higher education, and logistics near the border continues to backstop buyer demand.

No ARED distress-ledger coverage for this county yet — the foreclosure ingest rotates the national county directory, and filings appear here once the county's posted notices are read. Key-figure check: no independent anchor retained yet — first-researched cycles establish the anchor baseline this pass.

The data chain · drill up or downproperty → ZIP → city → county → state
New Mexico state →Las Cruces market →Doña Ana County

Select a city to expand its ZIP intel reports beneath · 16 cities · 25 ZIP reports

Latest readings
Median sale price
$311,358
Corroborated · 1 anchor · 0% off nearest
Median price / sq ft
$185
Median days on market
87
Active listings
998
Listings with price cuts
19.4%
Median price change YoY
+6.85%
Closed sales (monthly)
271
Months of supply
4.2
Sale-to-list ratio
98.1%
Median asking rent
$1,750/mo
Population
221,508
Median household income
$49,830
Avg effective property tax rate
0.81%
County Market ScoreZIP-SCORE-1.3 · 4/4 sections graded
62
Composite · average of graded sections
Computed only from this report's published readings — sections without data are excluded, never estimated.
50
Growth/100

Median prices moved up 0.0% year over year.

80
Liquidity/100

Homes spend a median of 57 days on market with 0.1 months of supply — a fast-moving market.

50
Momentum/100

0% of listings have cut prices · homes sell at 2.7% of asking — demand is holding steady.

67
Safety & stability/100

no recorded foreclosure-ledger notices (0.0 per 10,000 residents) · unemployment 5.1% · poverty 21.6% — a mixed stability profile.

Federal real-property footprintGSA REXUS · county granular
Federal buildings & leases
31
Usable area
389k sq ft
Mean building size
12,556 sq ft

Owned and leased federal assets with active or excess status, per the General Services Administration's Real Estate Across the United States inventory (read 2026-09-25). A federal footprint read on this county — not a market valuation, and never an attribute of any individual property or tenant.

Deterministic roll-up
25 of 25 ZIP reports contributed
Median sale price
$312,166
Median price / sq ft
$145
Median days on market
56.51
Active listings
6,384
Listings with price cuts
0.38%
Median price change YoY
+0.01%
Closed sales (monthly)
938
Months of supply
0.12
Sale-to-list ratio
2.7%
Median asking rent
$36/mo
Population
523,306
Median household income
$49,986

Deterministic aggregate of 25 researched ZIP reports — sales_count-weighted (population fallback); per point, children lacking the value or its weight are excluded. Tax rates, sentiment and context notes are tier-native and never roll.

Median home value · ten-year trajectory & projection

Doña Ana County, New Mexico — researched county-level history with a deterministic 1 / 3 / 5-year projection

2017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720292031$95,000$190,000$285,000$380,000$475,000

Solid: researched ten-year history · dotted: 1 / 3 / 5-year projection extended from the historical 8.1%/yr trend — a deterministic estimate, not a published forecast or guarantee.

Property base layer · rolled up from researched properties

No researched properties in this county yet — the property base layer populates as property research runs, and each property feeds its ZIP's roll-up.

ZIP roster · every intel report in the county25 of 25 ZIPs researched
Sort
88001Las Cruces
Median price
$209,165
$/sqft
$155
Trend YoY
-0.1%
Days on mkt
24
Sale-to-list
97.5%
Price cuts
12%
Supply (mo)
4.2
Listings
79
Median rent
$963

researched Sep 29

88003Las Cruces
Median price
$295,000
$/sqft
$178
Trend YoY
-1%
Days on mkt
77
Sale-to-list
99%
Price cuts
15%
Supply (mo)
6.2
Listings
1,021
Median rent
$1,250

researched Sep 29

88004Las Cruces
Median price
—
$/sqft
—
Trend YoY
—
Days on mkt
—
Sale-to-list
—
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
—
Listings
—
Median rent
—

researched Oct 8

88005Las Cruces
Median price
$335,000
$/sqft
$175
Trend YoY
—
Days on mkt
42
Sale-to-list
—
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
—
Listings
135
Median rent
—

researched Sep 29

88006Las Cruces
Median price
$310,000
$/sqft
$182
Trend YoY
+0%
Days on mkt
53
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
4.6
Listings
—
Median rent
$1,424

researched Sep 29

88007Las Cruces
Median price
$425,000
$/sqft
$215
Trend YoY
+2.4%
Days on mkt
68
Sale-to-list
97.5%
Price cuts
12%
Supply (mo)
4.8
Listings
160
Median rent
$1,450

researched Sep 29

88008Santa Teresa
Median price
$228,800
$/sqft
$188
Trend YoY
+1.2%
Days on mkt
65
Sale-to-list
98.5%
Price cuts
12%
Supply (mo)
4.8
Listings
42
Median rent
$1,150

researched Sep 29

88011Las Cruces
Median price
$357,949
$/sqft
$182
Trend YoY
-0.2%
Days on mkt
43
Sale-to-list
97.5%
Price cuts
15%
Supply (mo)
4.5
Listings
188
Median rent
$1,450

researched Sep 29

88012Las Cruces
Median price
$409,900
$/sqft
$175
Trend YoY
—
Days on mkt
77
Sale-to-list
100%
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
3.7
Listings
1,078
Median rent
$1,575

researched Sep 29

88013Las Cruces
Median price
$325,000
$/sqft
$185
Trend YoY
+2.5%
Days on mkt
62
Sale-to-list
98.5%
Price cuts
12%
Supply (mo)
4.2
Listings
1,155
Median rent
$913

researched Sep 29

Figures are each ZIP report's own latest research — the county roll-up aggregates them sales_count-weighted (population fallback); ZIPs cycle quarterly.

Page 1 of 3
Area context
Crime & safety

Doña Ana County exhibits mixed crime patterns, with rural areas reporting lower violent crime while higher property crime rates are concentrated in the urban areas of Las Cruces and near border crossing zones. Overall violent crime rates track moderately below Albuquerque but slightly above the nationwide county median.

Schools & education

The county is primarily served by Las Cruces Public Schools and Gadsden Independent School District, which exhibit polarized performance; select magnet and charter programs (such as Arrowhead Park Early College High School) earn high marks, while broad district-wide proficiencies remain near state averages.

Environmental & hazard

Primary hazards stem from extreme heat, blowing dust and high wind events, as well as localized flash flooding along arroyos and the Rio Grande floodplain during late-summer monsoon cycles. Wildfire risk is concentrated in the Organ Mountains foothills and riparian bosques.

Growth & development

Economic growth is anchored by New Mexico State University, White Sands Missile Range, NASA's White Sands Test Facility, and burgeoning aerospace and logistics operations at the Santa Teresa industrial border port. Significant federal defense spending and international cross-border manufacturing continue to drive job formation.

Taxation

Composed from the ARED governance burden registry — tier-native tax structure (state + county + city + special districts), never averaged. Federal (United States (federal)) — Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Superfund Liens: Establishes a statutory federal lien upon the parcel running in favor of the United States for all unrecovered cleanup costs, damages, and statutory interest incurred by the EPA. Rate and formula: Direct Dollar-for-Dollar Reimbursement (Lien Amount = Incurred Response Costs + Administrative Costs + Federal (United States (federal)) — Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) Withholding: Imposes an affirmative withholding tax obligation on the transferee (buyer) to withhold and remit tax on the gross amount realized (gross sales price). The statutory base withholding rate is 15% of the total purchase price (Formula: Tax = Amount Realized × 15%). Exemptions and reductions: (1) 0% wit Federal (United States (federal)) — Federal General Tax Lien Encumbrance: Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer.

Economy & employers

The economy is driven by government defense, higher education, cross-border international commerce, agriculture (chile and pecans), and healthcare services. Major anchors include New Mexico State University, NASA, and the White Sands military complex.

Transportation & infrastructure

Key highway corridors include Interstate 10 and Interstate 25, connecting the region north to Albuquerque and south to El Paso, supplemented by local RoadRUNNER Transit bus networks in Las Cruces.

Development pipeline

County long-range planning focuses on preserving agricultural open spaces along the Rio Grande valley while directing commercial and industrial growth along the southern I-10 and Santa Teresa trade corridors.

County appraisal district

The Doña Ana County Assessor establishes market valuations, applying the statewide one-third assessment ratio and statutory 3% annual valuation increase cap on owner-occupied residential properties.

Special districts

Parcels are subject to overlapping jurisdictions including the Elephant Butte Irrigation District, soil and water conservation districts, public school districts, and community college levies.

Insurance & hazard market

Property insurance rates remain relatively moderate compared to neighboring hurricane or severe hail states, though windstorm deductibles and brush wildfire exclusions apply in foothill zones.

Major amenities · Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Theme, amusement & water parks
3 · 30 mi
Entertainment venues, stadiums & amphitheaters
16 · 30 mi
Family fun & things to do
20+ · 20 mi
Museums, galleries & history
13 · 30 mi
Parks, trails & nature
16 · 20 mi
Shopping & dining districts
12 · 20 mi

Theme parks, venues, golf, airports, museums, water and shopping across the area from Google Maps, ranked by popularity within the radius shown.

Amenities & attractions4 retained amenities · 2 developments on the horizon

The amenity base that shapes daily life and property demand in this county — what residents actually live with, and what the pipeline is adding.

Inside this county
Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument
National Monument / Park

Nearly 500,000 acres of rugged mountainous terrain featuring hiking trails, slot canyons, and historic landmarks.

Historic Old Mesilla Plaza
Historic District / Dining

19th-century adobe plaza renowned for artisan shops, galleries, and regional southwestern culinary destinations.

Dripping Springs Natural Area
Recreation / Nature Reserve

Popular Bureau of Land Management reserve offering wildlife viewing and historical resort ruins.

Sonoma Ranch Golf Course
Golf Course

Public championship course with panoramic vistas of the Organ Mountains.

On the horizon · announced & under construction
Santa Teresa Industrial Corridor ExpansionLogistics and ManufacturingUnder ConstructionMulti-phase expansion of border logistics hubs, rail spurs, and manufacturing warehouses near the border crossing.
Project Arrowhead Park Tech CampusResearch & Tech CampusUnder ConstructionNew Mexico State University's public-private tech and health innovation park buildout.
Discovery profileACS 2019-2023 5-year estimates
Census profile · Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Population
221,508
Median age
34.8 yrs
Owner-occupancy
64.2%
Median home value
$182,400
Median gross rent
$894
Median household income
$49,830
Median year built
1993
Vacancy rate
8.7%
Renter share
35.8%
Owner cost burden
22.4%
Renter cost burden
49.3%
Population change
+3.4%
Net migration
842
Work-from-home share
9.2%
Mean commute
20.9 min
Bachelor's or higher
29.1%
Unemployment
5.1%
Poverty rate
21.6%
Avg household size
2.71
Hispanic or Latino
69.1%
White alone (non-Hispanic)
25.3%
Black or African American alone
1.9%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone
1.2%
Asian alone
1.1%
Two or more races / Other
1.4%

Data retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau ACS tables B01003, B01002, B25002, B25003, B25077, B25064, B19013, B15003, B23025, and B17001.

School districts
Las Cruces Public SchoolsBLargest district in the county serving more than 24,000 students across Las Cruces and surrounding areas.
Gadsden Independent School DistrictC+Serves the southern portion of the county adjacent to the Texas and Mexico borders.
Hatch Valley Public SchoolsB-Rural district serving the northern agricultural valley and the village of Hatch.
Major employers & industries
White Sands Missile RangeDefense / Federal GovernmentMajor regional military installation employing thousands of civilian, contractor, and military personnel.
New Mexico State UniversityHigher EducationOver 5,000 faculty and administrative staff.
Las Cruces Public SchoolsPublic EducationOver 3,500 employees.
Memorial Medical CenterHealthcareOver 1,200 healthcare and support personnel.
Sources · 7 cited
County city board · values & trends by city16 cities · 25 ZIP reports
Las Cruces
city intel →
Median price$322,740
Price trend+0% YoY
Days on market41 med
Median rent$21
Population314,722
Active listings3,816
City market sentiment: cautiously optimistic
9 of 9 ZIPs researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Hatch
Median price$319,182
Price trend-2.1% YoY
Days on market78 med
Median rent$1,385
Population101,544
Active listings392
2 of 2 ZIPs researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Salem
Median price$320,000
Price trend-2.1% YoY
Days on market77 med
Median rent$1,389
Population101,324
Active listings379
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Dona Ana
Median price$379,000
Price trend+2.1% YoY
Days on market48 med
Median rent$1,575
Population32,500
Active listings1,643
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Chaparral
Median price$210,000
Price trend+2.5% YoY
Days on market120 med
Median rent$1,150
Population19,663
Active listings45
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Anthony
Median price$240,000
Price trend-2.1% YoY
Days on market72 med
Median rent$950
Population16,298
Active listings52
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Sunland Park
Median price$310,000
Price trend+0% YoY
Days on market48 med
Median rent$1,250
Population14,200
Active listings112
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Santa Teresa
Median price$228,800
Price trend+1.2% YoY
Days on market65 med
Median rent$1,150
Population10,239
Active listings42
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Vado
Median price$245,000
Price trend+3.2% YoY
Days on market185 med
Median rent$1,150
Population3,200
Active listings77
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
La Mesa
Median price$382,450
Price trend+2.1% YoY
Days on market62 med
Median rent$1,450
Population2,618
Active listings14
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Mesilla
Median price$319,970
Price trend0% YoY
Days on market77 med
Median rent$1,250
Population1,717
Active listings122
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Rincon
Median price$325,000
Price trend+1.5% YoY
Days on market65 med
Median rent$1,350
Population1,372
Active listings42
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
San Miguel
Median price$0
Price trend0% YoY
Days on market0 med
Median rent$0
Population975
Active listings0
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Berino
Median price$240,000
Price trend+4.2% YoY
Days on market103 med
Median rent$1,150
Population431
Active listings17
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Garfield
Median price$219,400
Price trend0% YoY
Days on market180 med
Median rent$850
Population220
Active listings13
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Radium Springs
Median price—
Price trend—
Days on market—
Median rent—
Population0
Active listings6
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Unincorporated & unassigned
Median price$309,683
Price trend0% YoY
Days on market188 med
Median rent$0
Population3,827
Active listings4
2 of 2 ZIPs researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Jurisdictional burden contextburdens registered for this geography · most-local first
State · New Mexico
Homeowner Association GovernanceLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — Applies to residential parcels governed by a Homeowner Association (HOA) as defined by state statute.

Parcels are subject to the declaration, bylaws, and rules of the association, including the obligation to pay common expense assessments and potential liens for unpaid assessments.

NMSA 1978 § 47-16-1 et seq.

Condominium Resale DisclosureDisclosure & transactionConditional

applies when — Applies to the resale of a unit within a condominium association.

The unit owner must furnish the purchaser with a resale certificate containing the declaration, bylaws, rules, and a statement of monthly common expense assessments, unpaid assessments, and other fees. The purchaser is not liable for unpaid assessments exceeding the amount disclosed in the certificate.

NMSA 1978 § 47-7D-9.

New Mexico Ad Valorem Property TaxTaxationBinds every parcel

Tax is calculated by applying a tax rate (expressed in mills) to the net taxable value. The net taxable value is defined as one-third (33.33%) of the taxable value of the property. The taxable value is generally the market value, subject to statutory limitations on annual valuation increases for residential property. The total tax obligation is the product of the net taxable value and the sum of applicable local and state mill levies.

NMSA 1978 § 7-36-21.2; Property Tax Facts 2021, New Mexico Department of Finance and Administration.

Governance registry — every jurisdiction re-researches on a rolling 90-day cycle. Property reports compose these inherited burdens into a per-parcel ledger with conditional determinations. Informational only — not legal advice.